Emetic Legal Definition
Ipecac was used in cough mixtures as an expectorant or emetic from the 18th to the early 20th century. [Citation needed] For example, ipecac and opium were used to make Dover powder, which was used in syrup form. [Citation needed] You should avoid recommending emetics “at home” for your customers who vomit. Here are three home remedies – often found on the internet – that are used in vain and can potentially expose the patient to other risks or harms. Emetic agents work by causing irritation of the stomach, stimulating the trigger area of the chemoreceptor of the central nervous system, or a combination of both. Here is your Emetik cheat sheet for dogs and cats. Emetic remedies that are effective for cats are more limited, and there are no emetics that should be recommended at home. The only recommended veterinary emetic is: despite the knowledge of the antagonistic properties of xenon with 5-HT3, its use is associated with a higher incidence of nausea and refractive episodes compared to TIVA with propofol. Antiemetics work by inhibiting receptor sites associated with vomiting. Therefore, anticholinergics, antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and cannabinoids are used as antiemetics. [26] Vomiting can be caused by many conditions; This can be a specific response to conditions such as gastritis[2] or poisoning, or a non-specific consequence ranging from brain tumors and increased intracranial pressure to overexposure to ionizing radiation. The feeling that you are about to vomit is called nausea; it often precedes, but does not always lead to vomiting.
Antiemetics are sometimes needed to suppress nausea and vomiting. In severe cases where dehydration develops, intravenous fluid may be required. Self-induced vomiting can be a component of an eating disorder such as bulimia and is now classified as an eating disorder in its own right. [3] Remember that a complete toxicological history and a thorough physical examination of the patient are always essential before initiating decontamination methods. This is to ensure that the initiation of vomiting and the administration of activated charcoal are justified. When decontaminating a poisoned patient, the appropriate emetic should be used. In case of doubt, a veterinarian or pet poison hotline should always be consulted prior to decontamination to ensure a positive result for the poisoned patient. Suzuki and colleagues12 reported that xenon competitively inhibits human cloned 5-HT3A receptors expressed in Xenopus eggs. 5-HT3 receptors are diffusely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems and are involved in mediating nausea and vomiting.17 This finding led to the hypothesis that xenon may reduce the frequency of nausea and vomiting in a similar way to known antiemetic antagonists 5-HT3. However, this theoretical hypothesis is not supported by the results of our study.
Early NVPO (0-2 h) is a multifactorial event in which volatile anesthetics are considered the main cause.7 Apfel and colleagues8 have already shown in a factorial study that propofol reduces the risk of PONV by 19% compared to the use of volatile anesthetics. This makes evident one of the limitations of this study, the use of propofol-based anesthesia (with its inherent antiemetic effect7,8) as a control group. From a clinical point of view and as a positive control, a volatile anesthetic would be an interesting comparison; This aspect remains open to further investigation. Hydrogen peroxide is used as an emetic in veterinary practice. [21] [22] In particular, rapidly induced severe vomiting caused by ipecac has been considered an important first-line treatment for oral poisons for many years. However, subsequent studies (including a comprehensive meta-study from 2005) showed that gastric lavage produced by ipecac is much less effective at lowering total concentrations of body toxins than the adsorption effect of oral activated charcoal (which is effective throughout the gastrointestinal tract and is often accompanied by complete intestinal irrigation). Ipecac also has a low risk of overdose (as it is a mild poison in itself) and a high risk of esophagitis and aspiration pneumonia when used to purify corrosive poisons. After long being replaced by more effective drugs (including in the refractive role), the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) now advises that “ipecac syrup is no longer recommended for routine treatment of outpatient use of drugs or other chemicals.” [1] In the early stages, nausea and refractive seizures were significantly more common in the xenon group than in the propofol group.